Couldn%27t convert string to float python - The machine cannot uderstand or work with string values. It only understands numeric values. So for example if you are doing a machine learning task, you would use libraries like OneHotEncoder, LabelEncoder etc to covert string values to numeric. For your case, you are working on a NLP task which uses text values instead of string values.

 
Jun 22, 2023 · When I try to replicate this behavior, the corr() method works OK but spits out a warning (shown below) that warns that the ignoring of non-numeric columns will be removed in the future. . Diplomat

Mar 31, 2020 · Like the comments said, you are trying to convert a string or object (in this case "Male") into a float. Try to output your variables and their types to makes you see where you are trying to convert the float. 2. You're trying to convert the string "" into a float. "" doesn't make sense as a float, so you'll have to do one of the following. 1 Populate your fields with strings that make sense as floats. For example "0". 2 Set a default value. The following code sets wins as the float value of wins or 0.0 if not applicable.Syntax. Python has different data types for a different set of values, Integers deals with numbers and float deals with both decimal and numeric characters, Boolean deals with Binary values ( True or False) and there are strings that could take alphanumeric values and python allows different data structures like list, Tuple, Dictionary & sets for working with different problems.– Replace the Unwanted Characters Using a Python Function. You can replace unwanted characters from your string using the “replace()” function. This will work for our previous pandas example, and the following string in our first example: “22,2.329%”.1. I'm trying to build a simple program using tkinter and I want to assign the value that the user enters into an entry widget as a float variable, not a string. Here is my code: from tkinter import * root = Tk () x_entry = Entry (root) x_entry.pack () x_string=x_entry.get () def enter_click (event): x=float (x_string) print (x) enter_button ...And I want to plot histogram using seaborn and column number_col. > import seaborn as sns > > sns.distplot (df, x='number_col') But I got this following error: ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'number_col'. I have no idea why this is happening, 'number_col' is already a float column. python.float('fd') # Traceback (most recent call last): # File "example.py", line 11, in <module> # ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'fd' How to Solve ValueError: could not convert string to float. In order to solve it, you can use the try...except block.Dec 2, 2017 · 2. You're trying to convert the string "" into a float. "" doesn't make sense as a float, so you'll have to do one of the following. 1 Populate your fields with strings that make sense as floats. For example "0". 2 Set a default value. The following code sets wins as the float value of wins or 0.0 if not applicable. This code works fine in python 2, but the input function was changed between python 2 and python 3 in compliance with PEP 3111:. What was raw_input in python 2 is now called just input in python 3.Jan 6, 2019 · Jan 6, 2019 at 21:32. As explained in the answer, ValueError: could not convert string to float can occur when reading a dataframe from a csv file and casting types df = df [ ['p']].astype ( {'p': float}). If the csv was recorded with empty spaces, python will not recognize the space characters. – Replace the Unwanted Characters Using a Python Function. You can replace unwanted characters from your string using the “replace()” function. This will work for our previous pandas example, and the following string in our first example: “22,2.329%”.float_line = float (line) UPDATE: Actually a better way is to first check if the input is a digit or not. In case it is not a digit float (line) would crash. So this is better -. float_line = None if line.isdigit (): float_line = float (line) else: print 'ERROR: Input needs to be a DIGIT or FLOAT.'.3 Answers. A quick solution would involve using pd.to_numeric to convert whatever strings your data might contain to numeric values. If they're incompatible with conversion, they'll be reduced to NaN s. from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression X = X.apply (pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce') Y = Y.apply (pd.to_numeric, errors='coerce ...You input a value (or more) and it predicts another. A float is a number with decimals. For example, a 2 is an integer and a 2.53 is a float. What you can do is. a = '0.67687980' print (float (a)) Which returns. 0.67687980. However, you cannot do it with a string. a = 'Some string' print (float (a))If you're reading a CSV file with any data, I highly recommend to use Pandas.This would help you to use the data with Neural Networks as well. (Install Pandas)Below snippet will load the CSV into Pandas 2-dimensional data type called DataFrame.Dec 27, 2020 · Convert string to float object in python in python. Suppose we have a string ‘181.23’ as a Str object. To convert this to a floating-point number, i.e., float object, we will pass the string to the float() function. Which converts this string to a float and returns the float object. For example, Apr 1, 2023 · Syntax. Python has different data types for a different set of values, Integers deals with numbers and float deals with both decimal and numeric characters, Boolean deals with Binary values ( True or False) and there are strings that could take alphanumeric values and python allows different data structures like list, Tuple, Dictionary & sets for working with different problems. ValueError: could not convert string to float: RahulSingh: 3: 3,566: Apr-09-2020, 02:59 PM Last Post: dinesh : convert a list of string+bytes into a list of strings (python 3) pacscaloupsu: 4: 9,853: Mar-17-2020, 07:21 AM Last Post: markfilan : Convert dataframe string column to numeric in Python: darpInd: 1: 1,974: Mar-14-2020, 10:07 AM Last ...ValueError: could not convert string to float: '$400.42' ... How to Fix in Python: ‘numpy.ndarray’ object is not callable How to Fix: TypeError: ‘numpy.float64 ...2. You're trying to convert the string "" into a float. "" doesn't make sense as a float, so you'll have to do one of the following. 1 Populate your fields with strings that make sense as floats. For example "0". 2 Set a default value. The following code sets wins as the float value of wins or 0.0 if not applicable.– Replace the Unwanted Characters Using a Python Function. You can replace unwanted characters from your string using the “replace()” function. This will work for our previous pandas example, and the following string in our first example: “22,2.329%”. Jan 15, 2023 · In Python, if you convert a string object into a floating point, you may face the ValueError could not convert the string to float numerous times. Usually, this happens if the string object is an invalid parameter to the float (). Code # decimal to float decimal_num = "10a" # invalid value float_num = float (decimal_num) float_num Output May 25, 2023 · Now, if you enter a string, this is how the output would look: Enter a number (precision up to at least one decimal place)= Hello Please enter a number as per instruction! And, if we give a proper float input, the output would be: Enter a number (precision upto atleast one decimal place)= 16.663 After dividing by 10 we get= 1.6663000000000001. ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'New York'. I read the answers to similar questions and then opened scikit-learn documentations, but how you can see scikit-learn authors doesn't have issues with spaces in strings. I know that I can use LabelEncocder from sklearn.preprocessing and then use OHE and it works well, but in that case.Aug 16, 2022 · To convert string to float we can use the function: .astype(float). If we try to do so for the column - amount: df['amount'].astype(float) we will face error: ValueError: could not convert string to float: '$10.00' Step 2: ValueError: Unable to parse string "$10.00" at position 0. We will see similar result if we try to convert the column to ... This code works fine in python 2, but the input function was changed between python 2 and python 3 in compliance with PEP 3111:. What was raw_input in python 2 is now called just input in python 3.valueerror: could not convert string to float. Python offers a method called float () that converts a string to a floating-point number. This method is useful if you need to perform a mathematical operation on a value. You cannot perform math on a string; you can perform math on a floating-point. The float () method only allows you to convert ...To convert string to float in Python, you can use the “float()” function. Pass the string you want to convert as an argument to the float() function, and it will return the float value. SyntaxConvert string to float object in python in python. Suppose we have a string ‘181.23’ as a Str object. To convert this to a floating-point number, i.e., float object, we will pass the string to the float() function. Which converts this string to a float and returns the float object. For example,May 25, 2023 · Now, if you enter a string, this is how the output would look: Enter a number (precision up to at least one decimal place)= Hello Please enter a number as per instruction! And, if we give a proper float input, the output would be: Enter a number (precision upto atleast one decimal place)= 16.663 After dividing by 10 we get= 1.6663000000000001. Python "ValueError: could not convert string to float: %". Create a function called format_change which takes a string such as those in the Change column and does the following: def format_change (string): if string [-1] == "%": string = string [-1] str_as_float = float (string) if str_as_float > 0: str_as_float = str_as_float * 100 return str ...I keep getting a valueerror: could not convert string to float: '1956-01' The code is supposed to scale the data for machine learning using minmax scaler, but its saying I have strings. I think the code converted it into datetime.This tutorial was tested with Python 3.9.6. Using the float() function. We can convert a string to float in Python using the float() function. This is a built-in function used to convert an object to a floating point number. Internally, the float() function calls specified object __float__() function. ExampleA string is a suitable type to convert to a float. But several string values are not suitable to convert to float: A value that contains non-special terms, for example, ‘nan’ is a special term, “bread” is not. A value that contains a commas, speech marks and other non alphanumeric characters. A value that contains spaces. May 25, 2023 · Now, if you enter a string, this is how the output would look: Enter a number (precision up to at least one decimal place)= Hello Please enter a number as per instruction! And, if we give a proper float input, the output would be: Enter a number (precision upto atleast one decimal place)= 16.663 After dividing by 10 we get= 1.6663000000000001. It is most likely a problem with the data. Since you don't have any point in the code where you attempt to convert to float, it must be that the data you have is in a form that prevents it from being read as a number by your parsing commands.Jun 22, 2023 · When I try to replicate this behavior, the corr() method works OK but spits out a warning (shown below) that warns that the ignoring of non-numeric columns will be removed in the future. Python float () float (value) is a built-in function in Python that converts the argument value to a float number. For example, float ('42') converts the string value '42' into the float number 42.0. Argument. value. A Python object to be converted into a float number.The Python "ValueError: could not convert string to float" occurs when we pass a string that contains characters or an empty string to the float() class. To solve the error, remove all unnecessary characters from the string before calling float() . ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'john_smith' And 'john_smith' is a value from the first column of data (data[:,0]), since I defined this to be a string, I don't even understand why it tries to convert it to a float. Also: 'john_smith' is neither the first or the last element of the data array. So, what is wrong here? Working example:Jun 10, 2018 · ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'Yes, policy' while fitting to my Logistic Regression Model 0 What is causing this ValueError: could not convert string to float: '' while using logisticRegr.fit(x_train, y_train) You're getting this because your series is string, but it contains some NAs, which actually get represented in pandas as nan, which is a float value (that's how pd.read_csv() will handle it). That's why pandas gives a strange warning claiming the string series is a float: Solution: first, fill any NA values in your string column with empty-string:2. You're trying to convert the string "" into a float. "" doesn't make sense as a float, so you'll have to do one of the following. 1 Populate your fields with strings that make sense as floats. For example "0". 2 Set a default value. The following code sets wins as the float value of wins or 0.0 if not applicable.Jan 6, 2019 · Jan 6, 2019 at 21:32. As explained in the answer, ValueError: could not convert string to float can occur when reading a dataframe from a csv file and casting types df = df [ ['p']].astype ( {'p': float}). If the csv was recorded with empty spaces, python will not recognize the space characters. How to fix these errors . There are 4 methods to fix this issue. Those are: Remove all characters, and symbols, and extract only the number (using re) Remove leading and trailing unwanted characters (using `str.strip`) Replace the unnecessary character (s) with an empty string (using `str.replace`) Using try-catch logic.Jul 16, 2020 · Pythonは、コードの読みやすさが特徴的なプログラミング言語の1つです。 強い型付け、動的型付けに対応しており、後方互換性がないバージョン2系とバージョン3系が使用されています。 Maybe I should use other module to read CSV. I tried pandas right now, and it reads just fine as anyone would have expected, but OTOH I don't want to load huge package just to read CSV to array, and don't use it again...May 25, 2023 · Now, if you enter a string, this is how the output would look: Enter a number (precision up to at least one decimal place)= Hello Please enter a number as per instruction! And, if we give a proper float input, the output would be: Enter a number (precision upto atleast one decimal place)= 16.663 After dividing by 10 we get= 1.6663000000000001. Aug 16, 2022 · To convert string to float we can use the function: .astype(float). If we try to do so for the column - amount: df['amount'].astype(float) we will face error: ValueError: could not convert string to float: '$10.00' Step 2: ValueError: Unable to parse string "$10.00" at position 0. We will see similar result if we try to convert the column to ... ValueError: could not convert string to float. Now, i know it is a string but how can i convert it into a tuple type that can be read in the function, as the value contains commas and cannot be converted to float i think. the function takes in a tuple of three numbers separated by commas (RGB values) and returns the color Closet to it. MY CODE: Sep 1, 2012 · This code works fine in python 2, but the input function was changed between python 2 and python 3 in compliance with PEP 3111:. What was raw_input in python 2 is now called just input in python 3. now you have a full dataset with int and float and your SVC can works well with it but before you need to split: it is a good ideas to have a test size inferior to the train size , it may be preferable to use a value inferior to 0.5 for test_size find more about training set and test set size here– Replace the Unwanted Characters Using a Python Function. You can replace unwanted characters from your string using the “replace()” function. This will work for our previous pandas example, and the following string in our first example: “22,2.329%”. ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'Null' # else, only a single dtype is given # _astype_nansafe works fine with 1-d only # TODO(extension) # Explicit copy, or required since NumPy can't view from / to object. Now, let’s check the output: Enter the value you want to convert to GBP: 2,300. Traceback (most recent call last): File “main.py”, line 1, in <module>. dollar_value = float (input (“Enter the value you want to convert to GBP: “)) Python valueerror: could not convert string to float: ‘2,300’. Finally, it is the main reason to cause ...Aug 23, 2023 · STILL GOT QUERIES? Get a Live FREE Demo. Explore the trending and niche courses and learning maps; Learn about tuition fee, payment plans, and scholarships; Get access to webinars and self-paced learning videos 1. I'm trying to build a simple program using tkinter and I want to assign the value that the user enters into an entry widget as a float variable, not a string. Here is my code: from tkinter import * root = Tk () x_entry = Entry (root) x_entry.pack () x_string=x_entry.get () def enter_click (event): x=float (x_string) print (x) enter_button ...Apr 28, 2023 · The Python ValueError: could not convert string to float occurs when you pass a string that can’t be converted into a float to the float() function. To resolve this error, you need to remove all elements that are non-compatible with float type like special characters and letters from the string. May 14, 2013 · 6. float (line) does not convert in-place. It returns the float value. You need to assign it back to a float variable. float_line = float (line) UPDATE: Actually a better way is to first check if the input is a digit or not. In case it is not a digit float (line) would crash. So this is better -. Dec 27, 2020 · Convert string to float object in python in python. Suppose we have a string ‘181.23’ as a Str object. To convert this to a floating-point number, i.e., float object, we will pass the string to the float() function. Which converts this string to a float and returns the float object. For example, float_line = float (line) UPDATE: Actually a better way is to first check if the input is a digit or not. In case it is not a digit float (line) would crash. So this is better -. float_line = None if line.isdigit (): float_line = float (line) else: print 'ERROR: Input needs to be a DIGIT or FLOAT.'.Solution 2: Using str.replace () Function. The “ str.replace () ” function is also used to fix the “ ValueError: could not convert string to float ” by replacing any symbols or characters with an empty string. In the below snippet, the “ str.repalce () ” function is used to replace the unwanted symbols and strings:Oct 6, 2022 · How to fix these errors . There are 4 methods to fix this issue. Those are: Remove all characters, and symbols, and extract only the number (using re) Remove leading and trailing unwanted characters (using `str.strip`) Replace the unnecessary character (s) with an empty string (using `str.replace`) Using try-catch logic. In Python, if you convert a string object into a floating point, you may face the ValueError could not convert the string to float numerous times. Usually, this happens if the string object is an invalid parameter to the float (). Code # decimal to float decimal_num = "10a" # invalid value float_num = float (decimal_num) float_num OutputJun 7, 2016 · It is most likely a problem with the data. Since you don't have any point in the code where you attempt to convert to float, it must be that the data you have is in a form that prevents it from being read as a number by your parsing commands. with open ("n38bn.txt", r, encoding="utf-8") as file: # Open the file for the length of the width block numbers = [float (line.strip ()) for line in file] # For each line, strip, convert to float and add to list result = sum (numbers) # Sum the list print ("The sum is", result) This uses a list comprehension to build the list in one line, and ...Then you must convert the string to a comma. Python includes a built-in float() function for converting text to a floating point value. This function will come in handy when executing a mathematical operation on a string object. A string is an appropriate type to convert to a float. However, specific string values cannot be converted to float. Like the comments said, you are trying to convert a string or object (in this case "Male") into a float. Try to output your variables and their types to makes you see where you are trying to convert the float.ValueError: could not convert string to float: '$257.26' - sklearn.tree.DecisionTreeClassifier - Python Hot Network Questions Galois action on automorphisms of a curveIf you're reading a CSV file with any data, I highly recommend to use Pandas.This would help you to use the data with Neural Networks as well. (Install Pandas)Below snippet will load the CSV into Pandas 2-dimensional data type called DataFrame.May 8, 2022 · If you want to improve your model it is even recommended to normalize your model between -1;1 in general and therefore to use decimal numbers, hence the expectation of a float. In your case, your dataframe seems to contain exclusively string entries. As Dilara Gokay said, you first need to transform your strings into floats and to do so, use ... ValueError: could not convert string to float: '"152.7"' Pandas: "ValueError: could not convert string to float: " (empty string) When creating a seaborn heatmap 'could not convert string to float' ValueError; Converting strings to floats: ValueError: could not convert string to float: '.' ValueError: could not convert string to float: '62,6'I think np.loadtxt expects numbers so it does not know how to convert a value which starts with a ' (', I think you have two choices here: lines = [] with open ('datafile') as infile: for line in infile: line = line.rstrip (' ') [1:-1] # this removes first and last parentheses from the line lines.append ( [float (v) for v in line.split ...ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'john_smith' And 'john_smith' is a value from the first column of data (data[:,0]), since I defined this to be a string, I don't even understand why it tries to convert it to a float. Also: 'john_smith' is neither the first or the last element of the data array. So, what is wrong here? Working example:Jun 22, 2023 · When I try to replicate this behavior, the corr() method works OK but spits out a warning (shown below) that warns that the ignoring of non-numeric columns will be removed in the future. f1 = float ( "123.123" ) # output: 123.123 f2 = float ( "1" ) # output: 1.0 f3 = float ( 1 ) # output: 1.0. As you can see the above strings were converted into a floating object. The only thing you should keep in mind is that the string should contain a numerical decimal or integer value, only then would the float function be able to convert ... with open ("n38bn.txt", r, encoding="utf-8") as file: # Open the file for the length of the width block numbers = [float (line.strip ()) for line in file] # For each line, strip, convert to float and add to list result = sum (numbers) # Sum the list print ("The sum is", result) This uses a list comprehension to build the list in one line, and ...Jun 16, 2021 · Teams. Q&A for work. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Learn more about Teams 1. I'm trying to build a simple program using tkinter and I want to assign the value that the user enters into an entry widget as a float variable, not a string. Here is my code: from tkinter import * root = Tk () x_entry = Entry (root) x_entry.pack () x_string=x_entry.get () def enter_click (event): x=float (x_string) print (x) enter_button ...Mar 5, 2021 · ValueError: could not convert string to float: '$257.26' - sklearn.tree.DecisionTreeClassifier - Python Hot Network Questions Galois action on automorphisms of a curve – Replace the Unwanted Characters Using a Python Function. You can replace unwanted characters from your string using the “replace()” function. This will work for our previous pandas example, and the following string in our first example: “22,2.329%”.A string is a suitable type to convert to a float. But several string values are not suitable to convert to float: A value that contains non-special terms, for example, ‘nan’ is a special term, “bread” is not. A value that contains a commas, speech marks and other non alphanumeric characters. A value that contains spaces.Then you must convert the string to a comma. Python includes a built-in float() function for converting text to a floating point value. This function will come in handy when executing a mathematical operation on a string object. A string is an appropriate type to convert to a float. However, specific string values cannot be converted to float.This code works fine in python 2, but the input function was changed between python 2 and python 3 in compliance with PEP 3111:. What was raw_input in python 2 is now called just input in python 3.

ValueError: could not convert string to float: '$400.42' ... How to Fix in Python: ‘numpy.ndarray’ object is not callable How to Fix: TypeError: ‘numpy.float64 .... Is hungry howiepercent27s open on thanksgiving

couldn%27t convert string to float python

ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'D' I have tried: train=train.astype(float) Replacing all 'D' with another value. train.convert_objects(convert_numeric=True) But the issue still persists. I also tried printing all the valueErrors in my csv file, but cannot find a reference to 'D'. This is my trace:Apr 3, 2021 · Python float () float (value) is a built-in function in Python that converts the argument value to a float number. For example, float ('42') converts the string value '42' into the float number 42.0. Argument. value. A Python object to be converted into a float number. Now, let’s check the output: Enter the value you want to convert to GBP: 2,300. Traceback (most recent call last): File “main.py”, line 1, in <module>. dollar_value = float (input (“Enter the value you want to convert to GBP: “)) Python valueerror: could not convert string to float: ‘2,300’. Finally, it is the main reason to cause ... Jun 22, 2020 · If you're reading a CSV file with any data, I highly recommend to use Pandas.This would help you to use the data with Neural Networks as well. (Install Pandas)Below snippet will load the CSV into Pandas 2-dimensional data type called DataFrame. A try/except handles the ValueError that might occur when float tries to convert the input to a float. The problem is exactly what the Traceback log says: Could not convert string to float. If you have a string with only numbers, python's smart enough to do what you're trying and converts the string to a float.Yes, this is exactly the error message that I have got: ValueError: could not convert string to float: XXX. But I didn't see any space in cells "XXX", "YYY", and "ZZZ" in excel as I manually entered them. I double checked by using "find and replace" to remove extra space between words, but see the message "we couldn't find anything to replace".ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'New York'. I read the answers to similar questions and then opened scikit-learn documentations, but how you can see scikit-learn authors doesn't have issues with spaces in strings. I know that I can use LabelEncocder from sklearn.preprocessing and then use OHE and it works well, but in that case.STILL GOT QUERIES? Get a Live FREE Demo. Explore the trending and niche courses and learning maps; Learn about tuition fee, payment plans, and scholarships; Get access to webinars and self-paced learning videosJan 6, 2022 · with open ("n38bn.txt", r, encoding="utf-8") as file: # Open the file for the length of the width block numbers = [float (line.strip ()) for line in file] # For each line, strip, convert to float and add to list result = sum (numbers) # Sum the list print ("The sum is", result) This uses a list comprehension to build the list in one line, and ... ValueError: could not convert string to float. Now, i know it is a string but how can i convert it into a tuple type that can be read in the function, as the value contains commas and cannot be converted to float i think. the function takes in a tuple of three numbers separated by commas (RGB values) and returns the color Closet to it. MY CODE: You should change the order, right now you try to convert everything into floats, even blank spaces. while True: user_number = input ('Enter a number: ') if not user_number.isdigit (): print (number / count) break count += 1 number = number + float (user_number) Additionally, you should do the print of the average value before the break.Dec 2, 2017 · 2. You're trying to convert the string "" into a float. "" doesn't make sense as a float, so you'll have to do one of the following. 1 Populate your fields with strings that make sense as floats. For example "0". 2 Set a default value. The following code sets wins as the float value of wins or 0.0 if not applicable. Jul 21, 2019 · 5,534 3 25 36. asked Jul 21, 2019 at 14:51. Sudhanshu Kumar Tiwari. 1 1. 1. Somehow you are trying to convert the string 'f' to a float.It is probably in the .csv file. You'll have to find it and figure out why. – wwii. Let me clarify: The only table per file consists of four columns (time, temperature, humidity, dewpoint) and at some point (spanning roughly line 25 to 150 or so), only the value of humidity apparently is set to "--327", which python tries to convert to float and obviously fails to do.ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'New York'. I read the answers to similar questions and then opened scikit-learn documentations, but how you can see scikit-learn authors doesn't have issues with spaces in strings. I know that I can use LabelEncocder from sklearn.preprocessing and then use OHE and it works well, but in that case.This article is aimed at providing information about converting the string to float. In Python, we can use float () to convert String to float. and we can use int () to convert a String to an integer. Input: "33.28" Output: 33.28 # float Explanation: int in input and float in output.Jul 18, 2023 · This article is aimed at providing information about converting the string to float. In Python, we can use float () to convert String to float. and we can use int () to convert a String to an integer. Input: "33.28" Output: 33.28 # float Explanation: int in input and float in output. 1. Usually files has empty line at the end so probably you're trying to cast empty string to float. Instead of file_in.read ().split (' ') you could use: for line in file_in.readlines (): x.append (float (line)) Method readlines returns list of all lines from given file and skips last empty line if present. Share.What this does is splits every item at the '-', and takes the first part and converts it to float. Items like this '9.8-10.0 ' cannot directly be converted to a float as they consist of a - in them. So you need to decide whether you want the first part (before -) to be converted to float or the second part (after the -)..

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